Speaking · task 34 min 30 · no preparationLevel C1

Economic Growth and Environmental Protection: Is a Balance Possible?

The task

4 min 30 · no preparation

Vous passez la tâche 3 de l'expression orale. Il n'y a pas de préparation : vous parlez directement à l'examinateur, qui vous écoute sans intervenir.

Question : Pensez-vous qu'un pays puisse faire grandir son économie sans abîmer son environnement ? Autrement dit, développement économique et préservation de la nature peuvent-ils aller de pair ?

Donnez votre opinion et défendez-la avec des arguments et des exemples précis, tirés de votre expérience, de votre pays d'origine ou du Canada. Vous devez parler de manière continue et convaincante pendant environ 4 minutes 30.

TCF Canada — expression orale — tâche 3

Translation of the prompt

You are taking task 3 of the speaking test. There is no preparation time: you speak directly to the examiner, who listens without intervening. Question: Do you think a country can grow its economy without damaging its environment? In other words, can economic development and the preservation of nature go hand in hand? Give your opinion and defend it with arguments and specific examples drawn from your experience, your country of origin or Canada. You must speak continuously and convincingly for about 4 minutes 30 seconds.

How to structure your answer

  1. Introduction (30 s): rephrase the question in your own words, state your position right away ("c'est possible, à certaines conditions") and announce the structure of your talk.

  2. Argument 1 (1 min): argue that the opposition between economy and environment is outdated. Explain decoupling (growth without rising emissions), then show that green policies create jobs and innovation (Quebec hydroelectricity, renewable energy, recycling).

  3. Argument 2 (1 min): the cost of doing nothing. Wildfires, drought and desertification show that destroying nature threatens tomorrow's economy. Give one Canadian example and one from your home country.

  4. Nuance (1 min): acknowledge the obstacles (cost of the transition, threatened jobs, inequality between rich and developing countries). This shows critical thinking and makes your argument more credible.

  5. Solutions and conclusion (1 min): present three levers (the role of the state, corporate commitment, individual actions), then close with a final sentence that sums up your position and opens onto lasting prosperity. Use linking words such as "cela dit", "en effet" and "par conséquent" to keep going for the full 4 minutes 30.

Model answer

about 580 words

Pour ma part, je pense que c'est non seulement possible, mais que c'est devenu une nécessité. Je vais d'abord expliquer pourquoi l'opposition entre économie et environnement me semble dépassée, puis donner des exemples concrets, avant d'aborder les obstacles et de conclure.

Commençons par le constat. Pendant longtemps, on a cru que pour produire plus, il fallait forcément polluer davantage. C'était vrai à l'époque de la révolution industrielle, où la croissance reposait sur le charbon et le pétrole. Mais aujourd'hui, ce lien n'est plus automatique. Plusieurs pays ont réussi à augmenter leur richesse tout en réduisant leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les économistes parlent de « découplage ». Cela prouve que la croissance n'est pas condamnée à détruire la planète.

Ensuite, la protection de l'environnement peut elle-même devenir un moteur économique. Prenons l'exemple du Canada. Le Québec produit presque toute son électricité grâce à l'hydroélectricité, une énergie renouvelable qui alimente les foyers, attire des entreprises et permet même d'exporter vers les États-Unis. Dans l'Ouest canadien, les parcs éoliens et solaires créent des emplois dans des régions rurales. Partout dans le monde, les secteurs de la rénovation énergétique, du recyclage ou des transports électriques recrutent massivement. Protéger l'environnement, c'est donc aussi créer des emplois qualifiés et innover.

Par ailleurs, il faut penser au coût de l'inaction. Les feux de forêt qui ont touché le Canada ces dernières années ont forcé des milliers de personnes à quitter leur maison, ont détruit des infrastructures et coûté des milliards de dollars. Dans mon pays d'origine, la sécheresse et la désertification fragilisent l'agriculture et poussent beaucoup de jeunes à partir. Si nous ne protégeons pas la nature, c'est la croissance de demain qui sera menacée. Autrement dit, sacrifier l'environnement pour l'économie, c'est scier la branche sur laquelle on est assis.

Cela dit, je ne veux pas être naïf : il existe de vrais obstacles. D'abord, la transition coûte cher. Les entreprises doivent investir dans des technologies propres, et les petites entreprises n'en ont pas toujours les moyens. Ensuite, certains travailleurs risquent de perdre leur emploi, par exemple dans les mines ou dans l'industrie pétrolière. Si on ne les accompagne pas par des formations et des aides, la transition sera injuste et provoquera des résistances. Enfin, certains pays en développement estiment, avec raison, que ce sont les pays riches qui ont le plus pollué et qui devraient donc faire le plus d'efforts.

Alors, comment y arriver ? Je vois trois leviers. Premièrement, l'État doit fixer des règles claires, par exemple une tarification du carbone et des normes sur les émissions, tout en soutenant la recherche par des subventions. Deuxièmement, les entreprises doivent intégrer l'environnement dans leur stratégie, pas seulement par obligation, mais parce que les consommateurs, surtout les jeunes, l'exigent. Troisièmement, chacun d'entre nous peut agir en consommant de façon plus responsable : réduire le gaspillage, privilégier les produits locaux, utiliser les transports en commun.

Je pense aussi qu'il faut accepter de changer notre définition de la réussite. La croissance ne devrait pas se mesurer uniquement par le produit intérieur brut, mais aussi par la qualité de l'air, la santé de la population et la préservation des ressources pour les générations futures.

Pour conclure, je suis convaincu qu'on peut concilier croissance et protection de l'environnement, à condition d'avoir une vraie volonté politique, d'investir dans l'innovation et d'organiser une transition juste pour les travailleurs. Ce n'est pas un choix entre l'économie et la planète : c'est un choix entre une prospérité éphémère et une prospérité durable. Je vous remercie.

Show the translation

Personally, I think it is not only possible but has become a necessity. I will first explain why the opposition between economy and environment seems outdated to me, then give concrete examples, before addressing the obstacles and concluding.

Let us start with the observation. For a long time, people believed that to produce more, you inevitably had to pollute more. That was true in the era of the industrial revolution, when growth relied on coal and oil. But today, that link is no longer automatic. Several countries have managed to increase their wealth while reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. Economists speak of "decoupling". This proves that growth is not doomed to destroy the planet.

Next, environmental protection can itself become an economic engine. Take the example of Canada. Quebec produces almost all of its electricity from hydroelectricity, a renewable energy that powers homes, attracts businesses and even makes it possible to export to the United States. In western Canada, wind and solar farms create jobs in rural regions. All over the world, the sectors of energy renovation, recycling and electric transport are recruiting massively. Protecting the environment therefore also means creating skilled jobs and innovating.

Moreover, we must think about the cost of inaction. The wildfires that have hit Canada in recent years forced thousands of people to leave their homes, destroyed infrastructure and cost billions of dollars. In my country of origin, drought and desertification weaken agriculture and push many young people to leave. If we do not protect nature, tomorrow's growth will be threatened. In other words, sacrificing the environment for the economy is sawing off the branch you are sitting on.

That said, I do not want to be naive: there are real obstacles. First, the transition is expensive. Companies must invest in clean technologies, and small businesses do not always have the means. Then, some workers risk losing their jobs, for example in mining or in the oil industry. If we do not support them with training and assistance, the transition will be unfair and will provoke resistance. Finally, some developing countries consider, rightly, that it is the rich countries that have polluted the most and that they should therefore make the greatest efforts.

So, how can we achieve this? I see three levers. First, the state must set clear rules, for example carbon pricing and emission standards, while supporting research through subsidies. Second, companies must integrate the environment into their strategy, not only out of obligation but because consumers, especially young people, demand it. Third, each of us can act by consuming more responsibly: reducing waste, favouring local products, using public transport.

I also think we must accept changing our definition of success. Growth should not be measured only by gross domestic product, but also by air quality, the health of the population and the preservation of resources for future generations.

To conclude, I am convinced that growth and environmental protection can be reconciled, provided there is real political will, investment in innovation and a just transition organized for workers. It is not a choice between the economy and the planet: it is a choice between short-lived prosperity and lasting prosperity. Thank you.

Key vocabulary

Word or phraseMeaning
le développement durablesustainable development: a model of development that meets present needs without compromising those of future generations
le découplagedecoupling: when the economy grows while pollution or resource use stops rising
la transition énergétiquethe energy transition: the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy
les gaz à effet de serregreenhouse gases (CO₂, methane) that warm the planet
la tarification du carbonecarbon pricing: a system that makes companies or consumers pay according to their carbon emissions
une énergie renouvelablea renewable energy: an energy source that does not run out, such as solar, wind or hydro
l'empreinte écologiqueecological footprint: the impact of a person, company or country on nature
une transition justea just transition: an ecological change that protects the workers and regions affected
le produit intérieur brut (PIB)gross domestic product (GDP): the value of everything a country produces in one year
concilierto reconcile: to make two things that seem opposed coexist
le coût de l'inactionthe cost of inaction: what it will cost if nothing is done
une subventiona subsidy: financial aid paid by the government
la prospérité durablelasting prosperity: wealth that can be maintained for a long time without exhausting resources
scier la branche sur laquelle on est assisidiom: to saw off the branch you are sitting on, i.e. to destroy what you yourself depend on

Common mistakes

  • Do not confuse "l'environnement" with "l'entourage" (the people around you) or "le milieu" (a milieu, setting). The standard collocation is "protéger l'environnement" and "la protection de l'environnement".

    Wrongprotéger l'entourage

    Rightprotéger l'environnement

  • Do not simply claim that economic growth matters more than the environment. In task 3 you must argue, acknowledge objections and answer them.

    WrongLa croissance économique est plus importante que l'environnement.

    RightLa croissance est importante, mais elle ne doit pas se faire au détriment de l'environnement.

  • "Malgré que" is considered incorrect in careful French. Use "bien que" (followed by the subjunctive) or "même si" (followed by the indicative).

    WrongMalgré que ce soit coûteux, il faut agir.

    RightBien que ce soit coûteux, il faut agir.

  • After "il faut que", "il est nécessaire que" and "pour que", use the subjunctive and make the verb agree with its subject. For "les États" it is "agissent"; do not use a singular form such as "agit".

    WrongIl faut que les États agit.

    RightIl faut que les États agissent.

  • Do not repeat "polluer l'environnement" and never say that pollution is "polluted". Vary your vocabulary: "dégrader", "abîmer", "contaminer", "nuire à".

    Wrongla pollution de l'air est polluée

    Rightla qualité de l'air est dégradée

  • Do not mix up "les émissions" (of CO₂) with "les émanations" (fumes, smells). A gas does not "emit" itself: you say that a country or a factory emits CO₂ ("émettre du CO₂").

    Wrongle gaz carbonique émet

    Rightcette usine émet du CO₂

  • "Énergies propres" and "énergies renouvelables" are not absolute synonyms. Not every clean energy is renewable (nuclear, for example).

    WrongLe nucléaire est une énergie renouvelable.

    RightLe nucléaire est une énergie propre, mais pas renouvelable.

  • Avoid staying at the level of generalities ("il faut agir") with no example. Specific cases (Quebec, wildfires, your home country) earn points for coherence and lexical richness.

  • Do not speak too fast and run out of things to say after 2 minutes. Prepare 4 or 5 ideas and connectors ("d'une part… d'autre part", "cela dit", "en effet", "par conséquent") so you can last 4 minutes 30.

  • State your opinion at the very beginning and do not change it along the way. Keep a clear position from start to finish.

The grammar this task needs

The subjunctive after expressions of necessity and after concessive conjunctions

In this task you must state conditions and obligations (what the State, companies and individuals must do) and concede objections. That requires 'il faut que', 'pour que', 'bien que' and 'à condition que', all followed by the subjunctive. Note that 'même si' takes the indicative, not the subjunctive.

  • Il faut que les États fixent des règles claires.
  • Bien que la transition coûte cher, l'inaction coûterait beaucoup plus.
  • Les entreprises doivent investir pour que l'économie devienne moins polluante.
  • On peut concilier croissance et environnement, à condition que les travailleurs soient accompagnés.

Connectors of addition, contrast and consequence

You must speak for 4 minutes 30 without stopping. Connectors structure your argument (argument, nuance, solution) and show the examiner that you reason in a controlled way. This is a key criterion at B2/C1.

  • D'une part, l'écologie crée des emplois ; d'autre part, elle stimule l'innovation.
  • Cela dit, il existe de vrais obstacles.
  • Par conséquent, ignorer le climat coûterait très cher.
  • En effet, les feux de forêt ont coûté des milliards de dollars.

Conditional and 'si' clauses to express hypotheses and the cost of inaction

To show the consequences of doing nothing or of acting, you need hypothetical sentences. Careful: 'si' is never followed by the conditional or the future in the 'si' clause itself.

  • Si nous ne protégeons pas la nature, la croissance de demain sera menacée.
  • Si on n'accompagnait pas les travailleurs, la transition serait injuste.
  • Si les pays riches montraient l'exemple, les pays en développement suivraient plus facilement.

Precise vocabulary of cause and consequence (permettre de, entraîner, provoquer, grâce à)

The subject is about links between economy and environment. You need to say what causes what, and avoid repeating 'faire' or 'polluer'.

  • Grâce à l'hydroélectricité, le Québec produit une énergie propre.
  • La sécheresse entraîne une baisse des récoltes.
  • Les subventions permettent aux petites entreprises d'investir.

Phrases to reuse

PhraseWhen to use it
Pour ma part, je pense que…To state your position clearly in the first sentence. The examiner must know your opinion right away.
Je vais d'abord expliquer…, puis…, avant de…To announce the plan of your talk in the introduction.
Commençons par le constat.To begin the development by describing the current situation.
Prenons l'exemple de + nomTo introduce a concrete example (Quebec, a forest fire, your home country).
Cela dit, …To introduce a nuance or an objection after an argument, without contradicting yourself.
Je ne veux pas être naïf/naïve : …To acknowledge obstacles and show critical thinking.
Autrement dit, …To rephrase an idea or draw a striking conclusion.
à condition de + infinitif / à condition que + subjonctifTo state the conditions under which your position holds true.
Je vois trois leviers. Premièrement…, deuxièmement…, troisièmement…To present your solutions in a clear, numbered way.
Il ne s'agit pas de choisir entre A et B, mais de + infinitifTo reject a false opposition and reframe the debate.
Pour conclure, je suis convaincu(e) que…To signal the conclusion and restate your position.
C'est un choix entre A et B.To end with a memorable closing line that contrasts two ideas.

Ideas bank

PositionArgumentExample
ForGrowth and emissions can be decoupled: some countries have grown richer while reducing their greenhouse gas emissions.Many European countries have cut their emissions over the past twenty years while their GDP kept rising. This proves the link is no longer automatic.
ForEcology creates skilled jobs and drives innovation.Hydroelectricity in Quebec supplies homes, attracts companies and allows exports to the United States. Energy renovation and recycling are hiring massively.
ForInaction is expensive: destroying nature threatens tomorrow's economy.Canadian wildfires forced thousands of people to leave their homes and cost billions of dollars. In many countries, drought and desertification weaken agriculture.
ForConsumers and investors, especially young people, now demand responsible companies.A company with a poor environmental record risks losing customers and facing difficulties in attracting talent.
NuanceThe transition is costly, especially for small businesses.A small factory cannot always pay for clean technology without subsidies or tax relief.
NuanceSome workers risk losing their jobs, so a just transition is needed.Miners or oil workers need retraining and financial support so that change is not imposed on them unfairly.
NuanceInequality between rich and developing countries: the rich countries polluted the most historically.A developing country may ask for financial help before giving up cheap fossil fuels that fuel its growth.
NuanceNot every clean energy is renewable, and not every green promise is real.Nuclear power emits little CO₂ but is not renewable. Be careful with 'greenwashing' by companies.
SolutionThe State sets clear rules and supports research.Carbon pricing, emission standards and subsidies for clean technologies.
SolutionRedefine success: measure more than GDP.Include air quality, public health and the preservation of resources for future generations.

What the examiner looks for

The examiner wants a clear opinion stated from the start and kept to the end, with a visible plan (introduction, arguments, nuance, solutions, conclusion). A strong answer acknowledges objections and responds to them, rather than simply repeating that the environment matters. Precise examples from Canada and your home country earn points for coherence and lexical richness. You must keep speaking fluently for about 4 minutes 30 without long silences, using connectors and varied vocabulary (not 'polluer' repeated). Correct use of the subjunctive and hypothetical clauses signals B2/C1 grammatical control.