Work and jobs

the feminine forms, and the language of hiringA2

In one line

A job takes no article — Je suis médecin — and the feminine form of most professions was only coined in the last few decades.

Nouns

Jobs

MasculineFemininePronunciationEnglish
un médecinune médecin/œ̃ me.də.sɛ̃/ · /yn me.də.sɛ̃/doctor
un infirmierune infirmière/œ̃n ɛ̃.fiʁ.mje/ · /yn ɛ̃.fiʁ.mjɛʁ/nurse
un professeurune professeure/œ̃ pʁo.fɛ.sœʁ/ · /yn pʁo.fɛ.sœʁ/teacher, lecturer
un enseignantune enseignante/œ̃n ɑ̃.sɛ.ɲɑ̃/ · /yn ɑ̃.sɛ.ɲɑ̃t/schoolteacher
un ingénieurune ingénieure/œ̃n ɛ̃.ʒe.njœʁ/ · /yn ɛ̃.ʒe.njœʁ/engineer
un informaticienune informaticienne/œ̃n ɛ̃.fɔʁ.ma.ti.sjɛ̃/ · /yn ɛ̃.fɔʁ.ma.ti.sjɛn/IT specialist
un avocatune avocate/œ̃n a.vo.ka/ · /yn a.vo.kat/lawyer
un comptableune comptable/œ̃ kɔ̃.tabl/ · /yn kɔ̃.tabl/accountant
un vendeurune vendeuse/œ̃ vɑ̃.dœʁ/ · /yn vɑ̃.døz/shop assistant
un serveurune serveuse/œ̃ sɛʁ.vœʁ/ · /yn sɛʁ.vøz/waiter
un cuisinierune cuisinière/œ̃ kɥi.zi.nje/ · /yn kɥi.zi.njɛʁ/cook
un boulangerune boulangère/œ̃ bu.lɑ̃.ʒe/ · /yn bu.lɑ̃.ʒɛʁ/baker
un coiffeurune coiffeuse/œ̃ kwa.fœʁ/ · /yn kwa.føz/hairdresser
un chauffeurune chauffeuse/œ̃ ʃo.fœʁ/ · /yn ʃo.føz/driver
un policierune policière/œ̃ po.li.sje/ · /yn po.li.sjɛʁ/police officer
un pompierune pompière/œ̃ pɔ̃.pje/ · /yn pɔ̃.pjɛʁ/firefighter
un employéune employée/œ̃n ɑ̃p.lwa.je/ · /yn ɑ̃p.lwa.je/employee
un ouvrierune ouvrière/œ̃n u.vʁi.e/ · /yn u.vʁi.ɛʁ/manual worker
un agriculteurune agricultrice/œ̃n a.ɡʁi.kyl.tœʁ/ · /yn a.ɡʁi.kyl.tʁis/farmer
un architecteune architecte/œ̃n aʁ.ʃi.tɛkt/ · /yn aʁ.ʃi.tɛkt/architect
un journalisteune journaliste/œ̃ ʒuʁ.na.list/ · /yn ʒuʁ.na.list/journalist
un traducteurune traductrice/œ̃ tʁa.dyk.tœʁ/ · /yn tʁa.dyk.tʁis/translator
un directeurune directrice/œ̃ di.ʁɛk.tœʁ/ · /yn di.ʁɛk.tʁis/director
un patronune patronne/œ̃ pa.tʁɔ̃/ · /yn pa.tʁɔn/boss

Three feminising patterns: -eur → -euse · -teur → -trice · -ier → -ière. Fully set out in adjectif-feminin.

The workplace

FrenchPronunciationEnglish
le travail/tʁa.vaj/work
l'emploi (m.)/ɑ̃.plwa/job, employment
le poste/pɔst/position
l'entreprise (f.)/ɑ̃.tʁə.pʁiz/company
la société/sɔ.sje.te/firm
le bureau/by.ʁo/office
l'usine (f.)/y.zin/factory
le collègue/kɔ.lɛɡ/colleague
le chef/ʃɛf/manager, boss
le salaire/sa.lɛʁ/salary
le contrat/kɔ̃.tʁa/contract
les horaires (m. pl.)/ɔ.ʁɛʁ/working hours
les congés (m. pl.)/kɔ̃.ʒe/leave, holiday
la réunion/ʁe.y.njɔ̃/meeting
le chômage/ʃo.maʒ/unemployment
la retraite/ʁə.tʁɛt/retirement
le stage/staʒ/internship
l'expérience (f.)/ɛks.pe.ʁjɑ̃s/experience
le CV/se ve/CV
l'entretien (m.)/ɑ̃.tʁə.tjɛ̃/interview
la candidature/kɑ̃.di.da.tyʁ/application
la lettre de motivation/lɛtʁ də mo.ti.va.sjɔ̃/covering letter
la formation/fɔʁ.ma.sjɔ̃/training
la compétence/kɔ̃.pe.tɑ̃s/skill

The job-ad vocabulary is a false-friend minefield.

FrenchActually meansNot
le stagean internshipa stage
la formationtrainingformation
la sociétéa companysociety
le chefany bossa cook (that is le cuisinier)
le patronthe owner / bossa patron
la retraiteretirementa retreat

le stage is the one you will meet first. Every graduate CV in France lists mes stages — the internships. And un(e) stagiaire is an intern, not a performer.

Verbs

VerbPronunciationEnglish
travailler chez
dans
/tʁa.va.je ʃe/ · /dɑ̃/to work at / in
gagner/ɡa.ɲe/to earn
embaucher/ɑ̃.bo.ʃe/to hire
licencier/li.sɑ̃.sje/to make redundant
démissionner/de.mi.sjɔ.ne/to resign
postuler à/pɔs.ty.le/to apply for
être au chômage/ɛtʁ o ʃo.maʒ/to be unemployed
prendre sa retraite/pʁɑ̃dʁ sa ʁə.tʁɛt/to retire
diriger/di.ʁi.ʒe/to manage
s'occuper de/sɔ.ky.pe də/to be in charge of
assister à/a.sis.te/to attend
faire un stage/fɛʁ œ̃ staʒ/to do an internship

Adjectives

MasculineFeminineEnglish
motivé /mo.ti.ve/motivée /mo.ti.ve/motivated
compétent /kɔ̃.pe.tɑ̃/compétente /kɔ̃.pe.tɑ̃t/competent
expérimenté /ɛks.pe.ʁi.mɑ̃.te/expérimentée /ɛks.pe.ʁi.mɑ̃.te/experienced
qualifié /ka.li.fje/qualifiée /ka.li.fje/qualified
sérieux /se.ʁjø/sérieuse /se.ʁjøz/reliable, serious
disponible /dis.po.nibl/disponible /dis.po.nibl/available
polyvalent /po.li.val/polyvalente /po.li.va.lɑ̃t/versatile
à plein temps /a plɛ̃ tɑ̃/—full-time
à temps partiel /a tɑ̃ paʁ.sjɛl/—part-time

Set phrases

FrenchPronunciationEnglish
Qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie ?/kɛs.kə vu fɛt dɑ̃ la vi/what do you do?
Je travaille dans l'informatique./ʒə tʁa.vaj dɑ̃ lɛ̃.fɔʁ.ma.tik/I work in IT
Je suis à mon compte./ʒə sɥi.z‿a mɔ̃ kɔ̃t/I'm self-employed
un CDI/se de i/permanent contract
un CDD/se de de/fixed-term contract
le SMIC/smik/minimum wage
faire des heures supplémentaires/fɛʁ dez œʁ sy.ple.mɑ̃.tɛʁ/to work overtime
être en congé/ɛtʁ ɑ̃ kɔ̃.ʒe/to be on leave
chercher un emploi/ʃɛʁ.ʃe œ̃n ɑ̃p.lwa/to look for work
avoir de l'expérience dans/a.vwaʁ də lɛks.pe.ʁjɑ̃s dɑ̃/to have experience in

Traps

TrapExplanation
A job takes no articleJe suis médecin, not un médecin. But C'est un médecin is right.
The plural of travail is travauxAnd les travaux usually means building works.
chez for the company, dans for the fieldJe travaille chez Renault
Je travaille dans l'informatique.
gagner means both to win and to earnJe gagne 2000 euros
J'ai gagné le match.
Learn CDI and CDDThey appear in every French job ad. CDI permanent, CDD fixed-term.
stage is an internship, not a stageA classic false friend.
The feminine job forms are recentune professeure, une ingénieure were only made official in France lately; Quebec adopted them decades earlier.

The feminine forms — a change still under way

a language argument that is not quite over

Until the 1990s many professions had no feminine form in France. A woman was un professeur, un ingénieur, un auteur.

Quebec moved first — from the 1970s it made the feminine forms official: une professeure, une auteure, une ingénieure.

France resisted, and the Académie rejected them for years. It finally accepted them in 2019.

Where that leaves you: both forms appear in print, and neither is marked wrong in an exam.

OldToday
Madame le professeur /ma.dam lə pʁo.fɛ.sœʁ/Madame la professeure /ma.dam la pʁo.fɛ.sœʁ/
une femme auteur /yn fam o.tœʁ/une auteure /y.n‿o.tœʁ/

For a learner: use the feminine form. It is more natural, and in Canada it is expected.

And some jobs never needed one, because they were already common gender: un/une médecin, un/une architecte, un/une journaliste, un/une comptable. Only the article changes.

English solved the same problem the other way round, which is why this feels inverted. English removed gender: "actress" became "actor", "stewardess" became "flight attendant", "chairman" became "chair". French added it instead, because every French noun must be masculine or feminine anyway — a genderless job title is not available as an option.

So do not read une professeure as the marked or lesser form. In French, leaving a woman as un professeur is the odd one, and it is the version that now sounds dated.

Verwandt