间接引语：掌握「She Said That...」
「She said she is happy」还是「she said she was happy」？间接引语是英语学习者最棘手的语法领域之一。本指南涵盖了您准确、自然地转述他人所言所需的每条规则、每个例外和每个捷径。
直接引语与间接引语：什么会改变？
直接引语用引号引用某人的原话：She said, 「I am happy.」 间接引语（也叫转述语）不用引号重新表述信息：She said that she was happy. 意思不变，但语法会变。
将直接引语转换为间接引语时，最多有四个方面会发生变化：(1) 动词时态，(2) 代词，(3) 时间和地点参照，以及 (4) 句子结构（尤其是疑问句和祈使句）。理解这四种变化是掌握间接引语的关键。
直接引语（原话）
「I am tired,」 he said.
「We are leaving tomorrow,」 they announced.
「I have finished the report,」 she told me.
「I will call you later,」 he promised.
间接引语（转述）
He said (that) he was tired.
They announced (that) they were leaving the next day.
She told me (that) she had finished the report.
He promised (that) he would call me later.
时态后移规则
间接引语中最重要的规则是时态后移。当引述动词（said、told等）为过去式时，转述从句中的动词要后退一个时态。这是因为你在描述过去说过的话。
可以把它想象成在时间轴上后退一步。现在时变成过去时。过去时变成过去完成时。Will变成would。逻辑很简单：原始陈述在说话时是正确的，但你是从一个更晚的时间点来转述的。
时态后移表
「I like coffee」 → She said she liked coffee.
「I am working」 → He said he was working.
「I have seen it」 → She said she had seen it.
「I went home」 → He said he had gone home.
「I will help」 → She said she would help.
「I can swim」 → He said he could swim.
「I may come」 → She said she might come.
「I must leave」 → He said he had to leave.
Past Perfect、Would、Could、Should和Might不再继续后移——它们保持不变。'She said she had seen it'不会变成'she said she had had seen it。'到了Past Perfect，就到了后移链的终点。
何时不需要时态后移
并非每个转述句都需要时态后移。有几种情况下保持原始时态是完全正确的——有时甚至更好。
普遍真理和事实
如果陈述在转述时仍然正确，时态后移是可选的。
He said (that) the Earth revolves around the Sun. (仍然正确——不需要后移)
She told me (that) water boils at 100°C. (科学事实——现在时没问题)
刚刚说的话
如果某人刚才说了什么，保持原始时态听起来更自然。
She says she is coming. (引述动词是现在时——完全不需要后移)
He just said he's tired. (非常近期——后移可选)
仍然成立的情况
如果转述的情况没有改变，可以保持原始时态。
She said she works at Google. (她仍在那里工作)
He told me he lives in London. (他仍住在那里)
虚拟过去时（条件句）
条件句和愿望句中的过去时不后移，因为它已经是'虚拟过去时'了。
「If I had money, I would buy it」 → She said if she had money, she would buy it. (不变)
「I wish I knew」 → He said he wished he knew. ('knew'不变)
在日常对话中，当信息仍然相关时，母语者经常跳过时态后移。'Tom said he is busy'和'Tom said he was busy'都可以接受。正式写作和考试偏好后移；日常口语更灵活。
代词和时间参照变化
除了时态，你还需要调整代词和时间/地点参照，以匹配转述者的视角。这些变化遵循逻辑——你在将视角从原始说话者转移到转述者。
代词变化
I → he/she, we → they, my → his/her, our → their, me → him/her, us → them
「I love my job」 → She said she loved her job.
「We will bring our notes」 → They said they would bring their notes.
「You can call me anytime」 → He told me I could call him anytime.
时间参照变化
today → that day
tonight → that night
yesterday → the day before / the previous day
tomorrow → the next day / the following day
last week → the week before / the previous week
next month → the following month
ago → before / earlier
now → then / at that time
地点参照变化
here → there
this → that
these → those
「I will finish this report here tomorrow,」 she said.
She said she would finish that report there the following day.
转述陈述句：Say与Tell
两个最常见的引述动词是'say'和'tell'。它们的用法不同，混淆它们是间接引语中最常见的错误之一。
Say（不需要人称宾语）
'Say'不需要间接宾语。你say something (to someone)。
He said (that) he was tired.
She said to me (that) she was leaving.
He said me that he was tired. ✗
He said (that) he was tired. ✓
Tell（需要人称宾语）
'Tell'始终需要间接宾语——你tell someone something。
She told me (that) she was leaving.
He told his boss (that) he needed a day off.
She told that she was leaving. ✗
She told me (that) she was leaving. ✓
Tell的固定搭配
有些表达总是用'tell'而不带'that'：tell the truth, tell a lie, tell a story, tell a joke, tell the time, tell the difference, tell a secret。
快速规则：SAY + (that) + 从句。TELL + 人 + (that) + 从句。'That'在两种情况下都是可选的，在口语中通常省略。
转述疑问句：「She asked if/whether...」
转述疑问句需要两个变化：(1) 通常的时态后移，以及 (2) 将语序从疑问语序改为陈述语序。问号消失，并加上'if'、'whether'或疑问词。
是非问句 → if / whether
对于可以用是或否回答的问题，用'if'或'whether'来引出转述问句。
「Are you coming?」 → She asked if I was coming.
「Have you finished?」 → He asked whether I had finished.
「Can you help me?」 → She asked if I could help her.
「Did you see the email?」 → He asked whether I had seen the email.
Wh-疑问句 → 保留疑问词
对于以who、what、where、when、why、how开头的问题——保留疑问词但改为陈述语序（主语在动词前）。
「Where do you live?」 → She asked where I lived.
「What time does it start?」 → He asked what time it started.
「Why are you leaving?」 → She asked why I was leaving.
「How did you find out?」 → He asked how I had found out.
常见错误：保持疑问语序
She asked where did I live. ✗
She asked where I lived. ✓
He asked what time does it start. ✗
He asked what time it started. ✓
转述疑问句中最大的错误是保持疑问语序。在间接引语中，疑问句变成陈述句：主语在动词前，没有助动词do/does/did。
转述命令和请求
命令、请求和指示使用完全不同的结构：引述动词 + 人 + to不定式。没有时态后移，因为不定式不带时态。
转述命令
「Close the door」 → He told me to close the door.
「Don't touch that」 → She told him not to touch that.
「Sit down」 → The teacher told the students to sit down.
「Don't be late」 → She told us not to be late.
转述请求
「Please help me」 → She asked me to help her.
「Could you open the window?」 → He asked me to open the window.
「Would you mind waiting?」 → She asked me to wait.
「Please don't tell anyone」 → He asked me not to tell anyone.
句型
tell/ask/order/beg + 人 + to + 动词
tell/ask/order/beg + 人 + not to + 动词
常用命令转述动词
tell, ask, order, command, instruct, beg, urge, advise, warn, encourage, remind, forbid
否定命令中，'not'放在'to'之前：'She told me not to worry'（不是'She told me to not worry'，虽然在口语中也能听到）。
使用不同动词转述
除了'say'、'tell'和'ask'，英语还有几十个转述动词，可以增添细微差别和精确度。使用多样的转述动词使你的英语更地道，并传达说话者的态度或意图。
suggest
suggest + -ing / suggest (that) + 主语 + (should) + 动词
「Let's go to the beach」 → He suggested going to the beach.
「Why don't you try again?」 → She suggested (that) I (should) try again.
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb1.ex3
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb1.ex4
admit
admit + -ing / admit (that) + 从句
「OK, I broke it」 → He admitted breaking it. / He admitted (that) he had broken it.
「Yes, I was wrong」 → She admitted (that) she had been wrong.
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb2.ex3
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb2.ex4
deny
deny + -ing / deny (that) + 从句
「I didn't steal anything」 → He denied stealing anything. / He denied (that) he had stolen anything.
「I never said that」 → She denied saying that.
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb3.ex3
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb3.ex4
promise
promise + to不定式 / promise (that) + 从句
「I will be there」 → He promised to be there. / He promised (that) he would be there.
「I won't tell anyone」 → She promised not to tell anyone.
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb4.ex3
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb4.ex4
warn
warn + 人 + (not) to + 动词 / warn (that) + 从句
「Don't go there alone」 → He warned me not to go there alone.
「The road is dangerous」 → She warned (that) the road was dangerous.
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb5.ex3
blog.reportedSpeechMastery.section8.verb5.ex4
offer / refuse / agree / threaten
都使用to不定式
「I'll help you」 → He offered to help me.
「I won't do it」 → She refused to do it.
「OK, I'll come」 → He agreed to come.
「I'll call the police」 → She threatened to call the police.
使用多样的转述动词消除了额外解释的需要。比较：'He said he didn't do it, and he was very firm about it' 对比 'He denied doing it。' 后者更简短、更清晰、更自然。
间接引语中的常见错误
这些是在学习者英语中最常出现的错误。理解了底层规则后，每个都很容易纠正。
保持疑问语序
She asked where did I live.
She asked where I lived.
转述疑问句使用陈述语序（主语 + 动词）。去掉do/does/did。
'say'与人称宾语连用
He said me that he was busy.
He told me (that) he was busy. / He said (that) he was busy.
Say + (that) + 从句。Tell + 人 + (that) + 从句。
忘记时态后移
She said she will come tomorrow.（转述过去的话）
She said she would come the next day.
当引述动词为过去式时，将时态后移一步。
过去完成时的双重后移
He said he had had gone to the store.
He said he had gone to the store.
过去完成时不再继续后移。它保持为过去完成时。
没有改变代词
She said I am tired.（转述她自己的话时）
She said she was tired.
调整代词以匹配转述者的视角。
疑问句中使用'that'
She asked that if I was coming.
She asked if I was coming.
不要将'asked'与'that'结合用于疑问句。使用if/whether或wh-词。
实战练习：新闻报道风格
新闻报道是间接引语在实际中的最佳范例。记者不断使用间接引语来引用政治人物、目击者和专家的话。学习新闻英语是内化间接引语模式的最快方法之一。
注意新闻媒体如何处理时态后移、归属和多样的转述动词。这些模式出现在每个英语新闻广播和报纸文章中。
新闻报道模式
The president said (that) the economy was improving and jobs were being created.
Witnesses reported seeing a bright light in the sky at around 9 PM.
Officials warned that the storm could cause significant flooding.
The spokesperson denied that any rules had been broken.
直接引语与间接引语混用
新闻经常将直接引用与间接引语混合使用以增加变化：
The mayor said the project was 'on track' and would be completed by December.
Dr. Smith called the findings 'remarkable' and said they could change how we treat the disease.
The CEO told reporters that layoffs were 'a last resort' but admitted the company was facing 'significant challenges.'
新闻中的转述动词
新闻使用精确的动词来传达语气：
中性：said, stated, announced, reported, noted, added, explained
较强：claimed, insisted, argued, maintained, stressed, emphasized
负面：denied, refused, rejected, dismissed, condemned, accused
正面：praised, welcomed, commended, agreed, confirmed, acknowledged
试试这个练习：读一篇新闻文章，识别每一处间接引语。注意记者选择了哪些转述动词以及为什么。然后尝试将转述的引用转回直接引语。
如何用FlexiLingo掌握间接引语
间接引语通过接触真实英语内容来学习效果最好，在那里你可以自然地听到和看到它的使用。FlexiLingo为你提供从真实媒体中吸收这些模式的工具。
23+平台上的互动字幕
用互动字幕观看BBC新闻、TED演讲、YouTube访谈和播客。新闻内容充满了间接引语。在真实语境中观察这些模式。
保存间接引语示例
当你听到精彩的间接引语示例时——保存完整句子和音频上下文。建立一个真实世界间接引语模式的集合。
AI驱动的语法分析
FlexiLingo的NLP引擎识别你观看内容中的语法模式。自动高亮显示时态后移、转述动词和代词变化。
间隔重复复习
以最佳间隔复习保存的句子。反复听到正确的间接引语模式建立自动的、本能的准确性。
常见问题
间接引语中必须始终进行时态后移吗？
不必。当引述动词为过去式且情况可能已经改变时，时态后移是必须的。但如果信息仍然正确，后移是可选的。在日常对话中，母语者经常跳过当前情况的后移。考试和正式写作通常期望后移。
转述疑问句中'if'和'whether'有什么区别？
'if'和'whether'在大多数转述是非问句中可互换。不过，'whether'稍微正式一些，在后面跟'or not'时更受青睐。'whether'也可以用在不定式前：'She didn't know whether to go'（不是'if to go'）。
间接引语中可以省略'that'吗？
可以！'that'在转述动词后是可选的，在口语中经常省略：'She said (that) she was tired' → 'She said she was tired。' 两者在语法上都正确。省略'that'在对话中听起来更自然。
如何转述某人过去对未来说的话？
'Will'变成'would'：'She said, 「I will call you tomorrow」' → 'She said she would call me the next day。' 'Going to'变成'was going to'。如果未来事件尚未发生，有些人会保持原始时态。
练习间接引语的最佳方法是什么？
三种方法效果最好：(1) 阅读和收听英语新闻——新闻报道本质上就是间接引语。(2) 练习将直接引语转换为间接引语以及反向转换。(3) 使用FlexiLingo观看带有互动字幕的访谈和新闻内容。