The final letter — when is it pronounced

the CaReFuL rule and its exceptionsA1

In one line

A word's final consonant is usually silent — except C R F L (and q), which are usually pronounced. "Usually", not always: the exceptions are right below.

The table

The basic rule

WrittenPronunciation
petit/pə.ti/the t is silent
français/fʁɑ̃.sɛ/the s is silent
grand/ɡʁɑ̃/the d is silent
nez/ne/the z is silent

English drops final letters as well — but one word at a time. The b in lamb, the n in autumn, the k in knock: each has to be memorised. In French it is the default, and it applies to words you have never seen. So a long-looking French word is usually shorter than it appears: beaucoup is two syllables, vingt is one.

The four letters that are pronounced — C R F L

The memory word: CaReFuL

LetterExamplePronunciation
cavec
parc
/a.vɛk/ · /paʁk/
rbonjour
mer
/bɔ̃.ʒuʁ/ · /mɛʁ/
fneuf
chef
/nœf/ · /ʃɛf/
lavril
il
/a.vʁil/ · /il/

And q too: cinq /sɛ̃k/.

And the e that is never pronounced — but wakes up what comes before it

MasculineFeminine
petit /pə.ti/petite /pə.tit/
français /fʁɑ̃.sɛ/française /fʁɑ̃.sɛz/
grand /ɡʁɑ̃/grande /ɡʁɑ̃d/

That e has no sound of its own, but it brings the consonant before it to life.

English has the same silent-e-that-does-something device. In hat → hate, rid → ride, the final e is not pronounced either; it reaches back and changes the word. French uses the trick on the consonant instead of the vowel: the e is silent, and the consonant in front of it becomes audible.

Exceptions

ExceptionWhat happens
-er in infinitivesthat r is not pronounced: parler /paʁ.le/ — against the CaReFuL rule
-ier likewisepremier /pʁə.mje/
fils/fis/ — the s is pronounced and the l is not
plus/ply/ in a negative, /plys/ in a comparison — the meaning comes from the pronunciation
tous/tu/ as an adjective, /tus/ as a pronoun
-ent as a plural verb endingnever pronounced: ils parlent /il paʁl/
But -ent in adverbs and nounsis pronounced: souvent /su.vɑ̃/
argent /aʁ.ʒɑ̃/
Short wordsbus /bys/
plus
sens — most pronounce the s
Silent cblanc /blɑ̃/
franc /fʁɑ̃/
tabac /ta.ba/
estomac /ɛs.tɔ.ma/
porc /pɔʁ/
Silent lgentil /ʒɑ̃.ti/
outil /u.ti/
fusil /fy.zi/
sourcil /suʁ.si/
Silent fclef /kle/
nerf /nɛʁ/
and in the plurals œufs /ø/ and bœufs /bø/

Examples

FrenchPronunciationMeaning
parc/paʁk/park
bonjour/bɔ̃.ʒuʁ/hello
neuf/nœf/nine · new
avril/a.vʁil/April
parler/paʁ.le/to speak
ils parlent/il paʁl/they speak
souvent/su.vɑ̃/often
fils/fis/son

Common mistakes

❌✅Why
reading parler as /paʁ.leʁ//paʁ.le/The -er infinitive is an exception
reading ils parlent as /paʁ.lɑ̃t//il paʁl/The plural -ent is silent
reading petite as /pə.ti//pə.tit/That e wakes the consonant
reading avec as /a.vɛ//a.vɛk/c is one of CaReFuL
reading souvent with a silent ending/su.vɑ̃/This -ent is not a verb

And liaison — when a silent consonant wakes up

the same letter that was silent comes alive before a vowel
AloneWith a following vowel
les /le/les enfants /le.z‿ɑ̃.fɑ̃/
vous /vu/vous avez /vu.z‿a.ve/
un /œ̃/un ami /œ̃.n‿a.mi/
grand /ɡʁɑ̃/grand homme /ɡʁɑ̃.t‿ɔm/

And the sound sometimes changes:

WrittenIn liaison
s
x
z
/z/
d/t/
f/v/ — neuf ans /nœ.v‿ɑ̃/

And liaison is forbidden in five places:

after et /e/et‿un never — et /e/ is the only -t word that never links
before an aspirated hles héros with no /z/
after a singular nounun enfant‿intelligent — not after enfant /ɑ̃.fɑ̃/
before onze /ɔ̃z/ and oui /wi/les onze ❌
un oui ❌
after quand in a questionQuand est-il parti ? with no /t/

The full list is in liaison.

Liên quan